Рефераты по иностранным языкам

Deutscher Karneval

06 Мая 2012, доклад

Als Karneval (auch Fastnacht, Fasnacht, Fasching oder fünfte Jahreszeit) bezeichnet man zahlreiche Bräuche, mit denen die Zeit vor dem Aschermittwoch ausgelassen gefeiert wird. Karneval wird weltweit im Vorfrühling begangen, jedoch fast nur in katholischen Gebieten. Das Ende, der Aschermittwoch, fällt stets in die Woche nach dem siebten Sonntag vor Ostern, somit frühestens auf den 4. Februar, spätestens auf den 10. März

Deutschland und Russland: gemeinsam die Zukunft gestalten

18 Апреля 2012, реферат

Die Außenpolitik jeden Staates und seine Verhältnisse mit den Partnern auf der internationale Arena stützen sich auf den politischen Bereich, die Wirtschaft und den kulturell-geisteswissenschaftlichen Bereich.
Die Verhältnisse zwischen Deutschland und Russland, die schon lange Zeit an der Politik, Wirtschaft und Kultur mitarbeiten und zusammen die verschiedene Probleme lösen, können ein guter Beispiel sein.

Die Anfänge der Psychologie

27 Мая 2013, реферат

Auch wenn die Psychologie als eigenständiges wissenschaftliches Forschungsgebiet erst seit Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts existiert, hat die Beschäftigung mit der Seele, dem Erleben und Verhalten des Menschen eine weit zurückreichende Geschichte. Es beschäftigten sich zahlreiche Philosophen und Theologen, Mediziner und Physiologen mit Themen, die der Psychologie mit Gründung und Definition als akademisches Forschungsgebiet, nachträglich zugeschrieben werden können und ihre Etablierung als eigenständige Wissenschaft vorbereiteten.

Die Umweltschutz

14 Октября 2013, доклад

In den letzten Jahrzehnten erkannte der Mensch diese Gefahr. Die Veränderungen in seiner Umwelt sind gefährlich für ihn: schlechte Luft, schmutziges Wasser und der Lärm von Autos und Flugzeugen. Deswegen verlassen die Stadtbewohner ihre Wohnungen an Wochenenden und in den Ferien und fahren in die Natur, aufs Land, ans Meer, in den Wald. Sie brauchen saubere Luft und Ruhe. Man diskutiert heute viel über die Probleme der Umweltverschmutzung.

Doing Business in Kazakhstan

24 Сентября 2013, реферат

Business in Kazakhstan is often focused on the oil and gas sector, which has been responsible for the country’s strong economic expansion over the last decade. Kazakhstan, however, has developed into the leading market in Central Asia and is positioning itself as a transit route between China and Europe. It is also actively seeking ways to use its new mineral wealth to diversify its economy. These efforts, combined with a growing middle class, are providing trade and investment prospects for U.S. firms seeking new opportunities in one of the most dynamic of the emerging markets.

E-books- yesterday, today, tomorrow

26 Января 2011, доклад

E-books. They exicts for more then 30 years [1], but they started to become more and more popular only couple of years ago. What is this trend? Some say that it’s a really useful devise that will save money for costumers and trees for future generations, some say it will kill books, as we know them, and does not like it as we will loose the pleasure of holding a real book, nothing still beats the smell of that newly opened book still fresh from the prints and enjoining the romance that book can carry.

Ecological problems

23 Октября 2013, доклад

Since ancient times Nature has served Man, being the source of his life. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with environment and it seemed to them that natural riches were unlimited. But with the development of civilization man's interference in nature began to increase.
Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises appear all over the world today.

Ecological problems and environmental protection

25 Февраля 2014, реферат

Some people live in a town environment; for others their environment is the countryside. Nowadays people understand how important it is to solve the environment problems that endanger people’s lives. The most serious environmental problems are:
· Pollution in its many forms (water pollution, air pollution, nuclear pollution)
· Noise from cars, buses, planes, etc.
· Destruction of wildlife and countryside beauty
· Shortage of natural resources (metals, different kinds of fuel)

Economía de España

13 Января 2011, реферат

Desde la crisis de principios de los 90, la economía española ha recorrido un largo período de crecimiento, constituyéndose una larga y sostenida etapa expansiva, sin embargo a partir del año 2008 al igual que la zona Euro y los Estados Unidos, la economía sufre una disminución de sus índices macroeconómicos, dando paso a un período de recesión, que según muchos podría durar dos años.

Economic globalization

17 Ноября 2014, реферат

Economic globalization is the increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world through a rapid increase incross-border movement of goods, service, technology, and capital.[Whereas globalization is centered on the rapid development of science and technology and increasing cross-border division of labor, economic globalization is propelled by the rapid growing significance of information in all types of productive activities and marketization, and the advance of science and technologies. Depending on the paradigm, economic globalization can be viewed as either a positive or a negative phenomenon.

Economy of developing country. Singapore

07 Декабря 2013, реферат

Fifty years ago, the city-state of Singapore was an undeveloped country with a GDP per capita of less than US $320. Today, it is one of the world's fastest growing economies. Its GDP per capita has risen to an incredible US $60,000, making it the sixth highest in the world based on Central Intelligence Agency figures. For a country that lacks territory and natural resources, Singapore's economic ascension is nothing short of remarkable. By embracing globalization, free market capitalism, education, and strict pragmatic policies, the country has been able to overcome their geographic disadvantages and become a leader in global commerce.

Economy of great britain

27 Февраля 2014, доклад

Economy is a system which tries to balance the available resources of a country, including land, labour, capital and enterprise. The word “economy” derives from Greek language and means “household management”. Until the 18th century the economy of England was mainly agricultural. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, however, England gradually evolved into industrial region.

Economy of Italy

09 Ноября 2013, реферат

Today Italy has a highly developed economy. Italy is an agro-industrial country. The whole country is divided by the economic development into two regions. North Italy is richer in economic sense, and the bulk of income here is gained from the products of industry. Poor South develops agriculture. Italy's Gross domestic product (GDP) is about 2 trillion dollars, GDP per capita is about 30 thousand dollars, inflation stands at 2.5 percent, and unemployment at 10 percent. However, the figures are constantly changing due to the deep impact of the global economic crisis on the economy of Italy.

Education in Great Britain

28 Декабря 2013, реферат

Compulsory education begins at the age of 5 when children go to primary school. Primary education lasts for 6 years. It is divided into two periods: infant schools (pupils from 5 to 7 years old) and junior schools (pupils from 7 to 11 years old). In infant schools children don't have real classes. They mostly play and learn through playing. It is the time when children just get acquainted with the classroom, the blackboard, desks and the teacher. But when pupils are 7, real studying begins. They don't already play so much as they did it in infant school. Now they have real classes, when they sit at desks, read, write and answer the teacher's questions.

Education in Great Britain

01 Марта 2014, сочинение

Pre-schools education. There are many children who attend a nursery school from the age of 3, but it is not compulsory. In nursery schools they learn some elementary things such as numbers, colours, and letters. Apart from that, babies play, have lunch and sleep there. Whatever they do, there is always someone keeping an eye on them.

Education in Great Britain

05 Июня 2014, реферат

The British education system has much in common with that in Europe,
that :
• Full-time education is compulsory for all children in the middle teenage years. Parents are required by law to see that their children receive full-time education, at school or elsewhere, between the ages of 5 and 16 in England, Scotland and Wales 4 and 16 in Northern Ireland.

Education in Uzbekistan

16 Февраля 2014, реферат

In Uzbekistan, eleven years of primary and secondary education are obligatory, starting at age seven. This requirement includes four years of primary school and two cycles of secondary school, lasting five and two years, respectively. The rate of attendance in those grades is high, although the figure is significantly lower in rural areas than in urban centers. Preschool registration has decreased significantly since 1991.[1]

Educational system of Ukraine

08 Октября 2012, сочинение

This essay will give you a brief overview of the Ukrainian educational system which is continuously changing due to the requirements of the transition period. Nowadays one of the most important aim for central and local authorities is to give equal possibilities in getting top quality education for all citizens. The system of education extends from pre-school to higher education and every level (preschool, primary, secondary, higher and postgraduate) has its own advantages and disadvantages.
Public institutions do have their own disadvantages, but education there might still be the right

Einführung in die Phraseologie

03 Мая 2013, дипломная работа

In meiner Diplomarbeit werde ich mich mit der Form und dem Gebrauch von Phraseologismen in bestimmten Textsorten der Zeitschrift „Der Spiegel“ beschäftigen.
Ich werde Platzierung, Bedeutung, mögliche Variationen und Modifikation, Kontaminationen der Phraseologismen analysieren. Anschließend werde ich auf die Funktionen der Phraseme im Text eingehen, die typischen Merkmale der Phraseme und die Auswirkung auf den Text werden auch näher betrachtet. Ich arbeite mit der Zeitschrift „ Der Spiegel“, weil die Qualität der Texte unbestritten ist.

Electronic money. The advantages and disadvantages

04 Ноября 2014, доклад

The concept of "electronic money" can be interpreted as a way to store and transfer of conventional money through electronic systems, or as a digital currency, which varies in size and is commercially sold as currency in a particular payment system. A European Commission describes electronic money, as “a digital equivalent of cash, stored on an electronic device or remotely at a server.” 1 It is important to understand that electronic money is not a generally accepted the means of payment, as they exist only within a particular payment system, usually bearing the same name as the electronic money system. But the payment system can operate not only electronic money they may make including conventional non-cash payments, or even operate cash. The handling of electronic money is done by the Internet, payment cards, electronic purses and devices working with debit and credit cards.

Employees’ working conditions вy M. Demidovich

09 Декабря 2013, реферат

Nowadays, most businesses are concerned primarily with improving and pushing products at all costs, therefore neglecting the strain this strategy puts on their personnel. I believe it is of vital importance to restrain excessive work load. I also think employers should pay more attention to organizing friendly working environment for their employees. In my point of view, conditions that employers provide for their personnel are very important. First of all, uncomfortable offices affect the pace of work. Extra efforts to keep everything organized may become the biggest time wasters. Secondly, inconvenient timetables influence labor productivity.

Endangered species

17 Октября 2013, творческая работа

Human beings destroy their natural habitats to build homes or to get natural resources like wood, oil and coal. We also poison their habitats by polluting the environment. We must stop this destruction. Plants and animals provide us with oxygen, food,and medicines, so all species are important for our survival.

English Or American?

25 Ноября 2011, реферат

But as English spreads over the world, will it be able to maintain its present form? Probably not. But why should it? The notion that anything is gained by fixing a language is cherished only by pedants. Every successful effort at standardization, as Ernest Weekley has well said, results in nothing better than emasculation.

English-speaking countries

09 Декабря 2012, реферат

English language - a language that belongs to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of languages.
It is one of the most common languages ​​in the world, particularly as a second language and the language of international communication.

Enseignement en France: histoire, principles

06 Мая 2012, реферат

L'an 789, debut de la renaissance carolingienne: l'Empereur Charlemagne stipule qu' "il doit y avoir des ecoles de lecture pour les enfants et que les psaumes, les notes et la grammaire seront enseignes dans tous les eveches". Ce reseau d'ecoles etait surtout destine aux futurs pretres et aux futurs fonctionnaires: l'enseignement, s'il n'est encore ni laique ni obligatoire, y est deja gratuit.

Escape and let the rewards come to you

04 Мая 2013, творческая работа

Жизнь в любой момент может стать трудным.
Жизнь в любой момент может стать легким.
Хорошие или плохие, они сезонов жизни.
Все зависит от того, как вы берете на жизнь и приспособиться к этим сезонам.

Essentials of marketing

24 Апреля 2014, реферат

Aspects to be considered in marketing a product include its quality, its features, style, brand name, size, packaging, services and guarantee, while price includes consideration of things like the basic list price, discounts, the length of the payment period, and possible credit terms. Place in a marketing mix includes such factors as distribution channels, coverage of the market, locations of points of sale, inventory size, and so on. Promotion groups together advertising, publicity, sales promotion, and personal selling. The next stage is to create long - term demand, perhaps by modifying particular features of the product to satisfy changes in consumer needs or market conditions. The marketing task is to manage demand effectively.

Euphemisms and phenomenon of political correctness

11 Сентября 2014, реферат

Euphemism, as is known, is a word or phrase used to replace an unpleasant word or expression by a conventionally more acceptable one, for example, the word 'to die' has bred the following euphemisms: to pass away, to expire, to be no more, to depart, to join the majority, to begone, and the more facetious ones: to kick the bucket, to give up the ghost, to go west. So euphemisms are synonyms which aim at producing a deliberately mild effect.

Evolution of the English pronouns

23 Октября 2012, реферат

The English language once had an extensive declension system similar to Latin, modern German or Icelandic. Old English distinguished between the nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive cases; and for strongly declined adjectives and some pronouns also a separate instrumental case (which otherwise and later completely coincided with the dative). In addition, the dual was distinguished from the more modern singular and plural

Examination Essay Topic

20 Декабря 2010, сочинение

Each state lives at the expense of its citizens. Citizens pay taxes. The state administers the money as it wants. But the state is always a problem. Money is never enough. State comes up with different taxes to solve this problem. But taxes have a negative trait. Citizens do not like to pay more taxes. Therefore, the state is trying to invent such taxes, which would not be perceived as taxes.