Objects of Ukrainian natural reserve fund: history, modern state, problems and prospects of development

 

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE,

YOUTH AND SPORT OF UKRAINE

KHARKIV NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS

 

                                                                                Department of tourism

 

Course work

 

Theme: “Objects of Ukrainian natural reserve fund: history, modern state, problems and prospects of development”

Subject – Fundamentals of tourism

 

                                               Checked by: Dekhtyar  N.

Done by: the second year student

of the faculty of international

economic relations

speciality 6.020109

Romanenko Alina

 

 

Kharkiv, 2011

                    

Contents

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………...2

1. History and classification of Ukrainian preserved territories………….3
2. The roles and purposes of Ukrainian reserved fund…………………11
3. Objects of Ukrainian natural reserved fund………………………….13

3.1 Ukrainian biosphere reserves…………………………………………….13

3.2 Ukrainian nature reserves (wildlife preservation)……………………….16

3.3 Ukrainian national parks………………………………………………….18

3.4 Botanical garden………………………………………………………….23

3.5 Regional landscape parks……………………………………………….23

3.6 Refuges …………………………………………………………………...25

3.7 Natural monuments………………………………………………………26

3.8 Ukrainian preserved sites………………………………………………..27

3.9 Arboretum (Dendrological park)…………………………………………28

3.10 Zoological parks………………………………………………………...29

11. Parks, monuments of landscape architecture……………………...31

4. Problems of Ukrainian preserve fund ……………………………….32

Summary……………………………………………………………………....34

Reference list…………………………………………………………………36

 

Introduction

Subject, object of research

Object of research: Reservation fund of Ukraine as tourist object, history and modern state of the objects of Natural reserve fund, problems and prospects of their development.

Subject of research: classification of natural recourses, objects of Ukrainian reservation fund, role and purposes of Ukrainian reservation fund, history of Ukrainian reserved areas.                    

Actuality of the topic; main body of the topic.

Actuality: Natural resources occur within environments that exist relatively undisturbed by mankind, in a natural form. A natural resource is often characterized by amounts of biodiversity existent in various ecosystems. Natural resources are derived from the environment. Many of them are essential for our survival while others are used for satisfying our wants. Natural resources may be further classified in different ways. Ukraine has many primeval natural sites, where one can take a rest from city noise, get acquainted with reach Ukrainian flora and fauna or to do some scientific research. The biological and landscape diversity of Ukraine is considered as national heritage. Biodiversity conservation has become a priority issue of national conservation policy, since it is a necessary prerequisite for the sustainable, balanced socio-economical development of the country.                                             Ukraine occupies around 6 per cent of Europe’s territory and it possesses about 35 per cent of Europe’s biodiversity. Indeed, over the past 15 years (since 1995) ‘The Red Book’ of Ukraine has increased its listed species by almost a third.               

   However human-driven activities directly endangering biodiversity (habitat change, overexploitation, and pollution) they have led to environmental degradation, massive changes in ecosystems and climate change. Today in Ukraine we have 7,607 nature reserve facilities occupying 3,3 million ha – covering 5.4% of the country’s overall territory. All these areas need protection and support. Protecting and developing of natural reserve fund is vital for current and future human wellbeing. Thus the conservation of natural resources and development of their protection are becoming an important task for Ukrainian natural protecting authorities.                                                                                                                

Ukraine is a developing country so it is necessary to attract both domestic and local tourists. Our country has potential in the natural resources and a big variety of species of plants and animals. Moreover, the developing of natural reservation fund will enhance and provoke respect and careful attitude to the nature among people.

Questions that have been considered in the work:

1. History and classification of the Ukrainian NRF (nature reserve fund);
2. Roles and purposes of the Ukrainian NRF;
3. Main problems of the Ukrainian NRF and ways of their solutions

 

  1. History and classification of Ukrainian preserved territories.

With the development of the anthropogenic civilization and the global consequences of the human’s economical activity (deforestation, cultural landscape transformation, desertification, greenhouse effect, etc.) the necessity of conservation of primeval nature of our planet has emerged. For this reason there have been allocated some particular areas of land and water, which are announced as the territories where the economic activity is restricted or forbidden at all. These territories are reserved areas.                                                                                                  The history of development of nature reserved fund is tightly connected with the development of a human society and dates back to the ancient times. The tasks which reservation has accomplished were determined by the character of interrelations between the human and the environment, by the level of using of natural resources and by the wants of society.                                                                                                                                      

At the prehistoric period the primitive persons were totally depended on the nature and its gifts. The human of those times admired the nature, appreciated some plants and animals, on the basis of some experience had used to the environment without harming it. Numerous prohibitions among the primitive tribes were directed to protection of the particular area, separate species of plants and animals. Such actions helped to preserve natural resources and met the interest of the primitive collectors of nature gifts (fishers, hunters).  Thus the first “preserved sites” had appeared.                                                                  

The first legislative acts about protection of natural wealth at the territory of Ukraine had appeared at the Kievan Russian period. So the “Russian truth” by Yaroslav Mudriy stated the responsibility for the illegal shooting of beavers and some kinds of rare birds.                                                                                                          

According to the decree of the Prince Danilo Galitskiy (1220-1264), there were created huge natural preserves within the boundaries of modern Belovezhskaya Pushcha (Belarus) and Uman dense forest, which still remain the nature protected areas. There also existed temporal refuges where bison, aurochs, deer, chamois and also valuable fur and rare animals were protected and the hunting was regulated.                                                                                                                                      

The fast tempos of the technical progress, unlimited usage of the free natural resources in the Middle Ages and in the epoch of formation and development of capitalism have lead to the fast distraction of the natural wealth, reduction of the territories with the untouched nature.  Thus refuges and natural preserves had saved from the extinction a number of important species of plants and animals and also the places of their inhabitance.                                                                                       

In 1775 Zaporizhskiy Kish took under the protection forests at the Monastyrskiy island, which had the defensive significance. In 1743 there was established the first Dolsky-forest in the in the Velykoana plains which is considered to be the cradle of the Ukrainian steppe forest cultivation.                                                                     

The important role in the development of the reserved affairs throughout the planet belongs to the popular German scientist-naturalist and traveler A.Gumboltu (1769-1859). He was the first one among naturalists who set the goal to study the nature as an integral unit and made fist attempts to classify preservation theories. He introduced the term “natural monument” into the literature as the first scientifically grounded preservation theory.                            

At the beginning of the XX century the idea of creation of landscape parks began to be realized in Europe. First national parks were opened in Holand (1905), Sweden (1909), Swiss (1914).                                                                                                       

A major contribution to the scientific grounding of the necessity of creation of the natural reserve complexes which would embrace all typical natural territories in different regions belongs to the Ukrainian soil-scientist V.V. Dokuchaev. He implemented such scientific notion as “natural etalon”. Natural etalons according to Dokuchaev have typical for each region reserve plots, which are kept in the untouched state. In the 1990s he established natural reserve on the virgin plots of the steppe in the Kharkov province.                                                                                      

In 1911 the professor of botany of the Kharkiv University V.Taliev created the Kharkov community of nature lovers, who published a special bulletin of the nature reserve content.                                                                                                                

In the former USSR shortly after the Revolution of 1917, and by 1988 the nature reservation fund encompassed more than 150 nature preserves, 12 of which were in Ukraine.

The list of nature reserves (1917-1988):

• Askaniia-Nova Nature Reserve,
• Black Sea Nature Reserve,
• Danube Shoals Nature Reserve,
• Carpathian Nature Reserve,
• Kaniv Nature and Historical Reserve,
• Kara-Dag Nature Reserve,
• Luhansk Nature Reserve,
• Cape Martian Nature Reserve,
• Polisia Nature Reserve,
• Roztochia Nature Reserve,
• Ukrainian Steppe Nature Reserve,
• Yalta Mountain and Forest Nature Reserve.                                                      

Their total area (1985) was approx 140,000 ha.

Today, protected areas in Ukraine are divided into eleven categories of territories and objects of national or local importance. They are as follows:

1. Biosphere reserve (4);
2. Wildlife preservation(natural reserves) (19);
3. National natural parks (44);
4. Regional landscape parks (55);
5. Refuges (2853);
6. Natural monuments (3203);
7. Preserved sites (800);
8. Botanic gardens (27);
9. Arboretum (54);
10. Zoological parks (28);
11. Parks, monuments of landscape architecture (542);                      

All these eleven objects are divided into two main subcategories:

1. Natural areas and objects - nature reserves (wildlife preservations), biosphere reserves, national natural parks, regional landscape parks, natural monuments, preserved sites;

2.  Artificially created objects - botanical gardens, Arboretum, zoological parks and park monuments of landscape architecture, refuges.     

Biosphere reserve – is a natural scientific-research establishment of the international significance, which is created for the purpose of preservation of the most typical natural biospheric complexes in the natural state, for the holding of the background ecological monitoring, studying of environment and it’s changes under the influence of anthropogenic factors.                                                         

 Wildlife preservation  – is the nature conservation, scientifically-research  establishment of the state importance, which is created for the purpose of preservation of typical or unique natural complexes in the natural state, which are specific for the given landscape territory, and also for studying their natural processes and phenomena that occur at their territory.                                          

 A national park is a large area of land which is protected by the government because of its natural beauty, plants, or animals, and which the public can visit.                                                                                                                             

Regional landscape parks – are natural conserved, recreational establishments of the regional or local significance, which are created for the purpose of preservation of the typical or unique natural complexes in the natural state and for the ensuring of conditions for the organization of the people’s rest.                                             

Wildlife refuges constitute a category of smaller parcels of land or bodies of water designated for the purpose of protecting some elements of nature (usually an endangered plant or animal species) but not the entire natural complex (as in the case of the nature preserves). The most common wildlife refuges are established for the purpose of protecting valuable animals and birds by disallowing hunting for 10 years or more. Fishing refuges are established for the protection of spawning grounds or young fish. A landscape wildlife refuge may serve to protect a picturesque river valley or a lake with scenic shores. Small plots of forest, steppe, or wetlands may be designated for the protection of their unique complex of plants. Activities incompatible with the purpose of the refuge, such as hunting, fishing, logging, grazing, hay cutting, and mining, are usually forbidden on their territory. Refugees have no zoning, there are national and local levels and different directions, for example, zoological, botanical, landscape, geology.                                                                                                                    

Monuments of nature are a subcategory of landscape parks; the term is usually applied to a specific feature, such as a cave or a waterfall, rock. They are more commonly of local rather than state significance. Either the broader regulations of the natural reserve or the narrower restrictions of the wildlife refuge apply to a monument of nature, according to the requirements of the feature to be protected.                                                                                                                     

Preserved sites - are also a subcategory of landscape parks; the term is applied to somewhat larger features.                                                                                                                                

Botanic gardens – are preserved territories, which are created for the purpose of conservation, studying, acclimatization, reproduction of the unique and typical species of the local and world flora in the special conditions.                                                                                                            

Arboretum – are preserved territories which are created for the purpose of preservation and studying of different kinds of trees, bushes and their compositions in the special conditions for the most efficient scientific cultural and recreational usage.    

The share of the objects of the Ukrainian reserve fund is shown at the diagram 1.

      

 ^{Diagram 1.The share of Ukrainian natural reserve fund.}                                                                                                            

The territory of Ukraine’s preserve nature fund of state importance embraces: woods and other forest covered areas – 55%, sea – 21%, open lands without vegetative cover or with minor plant cover – 2.2%, and inland waters – 2.2%.                                                                                                    

Recreational woods, which include wood categories serving mostly hygienic and healing functions (forests around large communities, green areas around industrial communities, sanitary protection forests of healing territories) and special forest purpose (biosphere reserves, national parks, regional landscape parks, nature memorials, entailed forest gorges, as wells as woods with scientific or historical value), cover the area of some 2 mn ha.

The leaders by forest stock areas are Zhitomir (10.1%), Rivne (7.8%), Kiev (6.9%), Chernigov (6.6%), Volyn (6.5%), Lvov (6.4%), Zakarpatye (6.4%), and Ivano-Frankovsk (5.8%) regions. The regions suffering the most of forest shortage are Zaporozhye and Kirovograd.                                                              

The most of state important sites belonging to Ukraine’s entailed nature fund are concentrated in Khmelnitskiy region (25.8% of gross area in the country), Kherson region (17.2%), and Zakarpatye region (13.2%).                                                           

Each year state important objects of Ukraine’s entailed nature fund are being visited by over 1.4 mn people, 172 tourist routes have been created, and stationary recreational objects of total capacity more than 40 ths. beds are working.

The greatest tourist flow is reported:

• by Donetsk region – 703 ths. people (Svyatogorskiy Holy Mountains national preserve);
• Autonomous Republic of Crimea – 182.2 ths. people (Crimean natural reserve, Yalta mountain and forest natural reserve, Karadag natural reserve, Cape of Martyan natural reserve);
• Ivano-Frankovsk region – 106 ths. people (Carpathian national park, Gutsulschina national park);
• Volyn region – 100 ths. people (Shatskiy national park);
• Kherson region – 76.1 ths. people (Askania-Nova biosphere reserve);
• Zakarpatye region – 68.3 ths. people (Sinevir national park, Carpathian biosphere reserve);
• Lvov region – 65.5 ths. people (Skolivski Beskidy national park, Roztochchya entailed nature area);
• Khmelnitskiy region – 45.2 ths. people (Podilski Tovtry national park).