Рефераты по иностранным языкам

The analysis of negative form expressions in the texts of different styles

11 Марта 2015, дипломная работа

Having studied and analyzed the theoretical works we have come to the conclusion that there are different ways of negative form expressions. Negation has proven to be one of the core topics in syntactic and semantic theories. It is interesting for many reasons. First of all it is present in every language in the world. It also exhibits a range of variation with respect to the way it can be expressed or interpreted. It interacts with many other phenomena in natural language. And finally, due to its central position in the functional domain, it sheds light on various syntactic and semantic mechanisms and the way these different grammatical components are connected.

The analysis of the text “One Stair Up”

25 Июня 2014, творческая работа

В данной работе раскрывается композиция отрывка из художественного произведения, тема и идея, характеристика героев и анализируется стилистика текста, основные стилистические приёмы, выражающие главную идею текста.
The extract from the novel “One Stair Up” by Campbell Nairne deals with the relationship between 2 friends, Rosa and Andrew, who are going to the cinema and watching a film, which they turn out to perceive in a different way because of their difference in the social status and the class, they belong to.
The extract begins with the exposition, from which we learn, that Rosa and Andrew enter the cinema circle, when a film is on. There Rosa hopes to recognize some of her acquaintances. She is pleased to be seen in the circle, even with Andrew, who is asking Rosa a question, where the rising action begins. After asking Rosa the question he, due to Rosa’s restrained reaction, he risks no further inquiries, knowing how often she had forbidden him to talk to her in a cinema, as the author lets us know, and further on he resists the temptation to break her prohibition and tries just to enjoy himself.

The Best of All Possible Worlds

15 Октября 2014, реферат

I don’t want to live anywhere else but in Russia. I was born here and I’m not going to leave it. But a lot of countries attract me as a traveler. I’ve read much about European countries and I finally set my eyes on France.
Firstly, I like its climate.It is favorable for life.The climatic conditions are very diverse.To Normandy and Brittany is characteristic of the marine climate, spreading their influence throughout the western part of the country.

The Boundaries of the Political: State, Society, and the International Community

11 Сентября 2014, доклад

We have seen that politics is presaged on differences that human beings have, and how these differences, in interests and values, can be managed in a world where scarcity is inevitable. However, this only takes us so far in a definitional sense, because it does not touch upon boundary problems. Much of the definitional controversy surrounding politics relates to these boundary problems. Where does politics begin and end? For Leftwich, this is the 'single most important factor involved in influencing the way people implicitly or explicitly conceive of polities'.

The Celtic tribes in ancient Wales

08 Мая 2014, курсовая работа

The actuality of the work is subject to the growing interest to Celtic culture. But the Welsh celts are shown not so much attention because they are not known so much about as Irish or Scottish Celts.
The research done in this work shows the diversity of cultures of Celts in different countries and describes Celtic way if life.
The method used in course paper is comparison with other Celtic cultures.
The subject of the study is Celtic history and culture, the difference between Welsh Celts and the Celts in other countries.

The Central Bank of the Russian Federation

22 Апреля 2012, контрольная работа

The Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia) was founded on July 13, 1990, on the basis of the Russian Republic Bank of the State Bank of the USSR. Accountable to the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, it was originally called the State Bank of the RSFSR.

The Ceremony of the Keys

03 Апреля 2014, лекция

The party then returns to the Bloody Tower Archway, and there they are halted by the challenge of the sentry. “Halt!” he commands. “Who goes there?” The Chief Warder answers, “The keys”. The sentry demands, “Whose keys?” “Queen Elizabeth’s keys”, replies the Chief Warder. “Advance, Queen Elizabeth’s keys; all’s well”, commands the sentry.
Having received permission to proceed through the Archway, the party then form up facing the Main guard of the Tower. The order is given by the officer - in – charge to “Present Arms”. The Chief Warder doffs his Tudor – style bonnet and cries, “God preserve Queen Elizabeth”. “Amen”, answer the Guard and Escort.

The commonwealth of nations

22 Мая 2013, доклад

The member states cooperate within a framework of common values and goals, as outlined in the Singapore Declaration. These include the promotion of democracy, human rights, good governance, the rule of law, individual liberty, egalitarianism, free trade, multilateralism and world peace.[1] The Commonwealth is not a political union, but an intergovernmental organisation in which countries with diverse social, political and economic backgrounds are regarded as equal in status. Alongside shared values, Commonwealth nations share strong trade links; trade with another Commonwealth member has been shown to be a third to a half more than with a non-member.

The concept of grotesqueness in Sherwood Anderson's stories

24 Мая 2013, аттестационная работа

История начинается с описания главного героя-старика с белой бородой и огромным носом. Преувеличением "костяшки пальцев рук врача были необычайно большой и продлить подобия, когда руки были закрыты они были похожи на кластеры неокрашенных деревянных шаров величиной с грецкий орех скрепленных стальными прутьями" создает впечатление, был какой-то секрет связан с руками. Он был дантистом и в какой-то мере это объясняет, почему они выглядели настолько большими и сильными.

The Constitutional Court

28 Сентября 2013, реферат

In all legal systems there are institutions for creating, modifying, abolishing and applying the law. Usually these take the form of hierarchy of courts. The role of each court and its capacity to make decisions is strictly defined in relation to other courts. There are two main reasons for variety of courts. One is that a particular court can specialize in particular kinds of legal actions. The other is so that a person who feels his case was not fairly treated in a lower court can appeal to a higher court for reassessment. The decisions of a higher court are binding upon lower courts.
The court is a state body that administers justice on behalf of the state.

The development of Dance Education in US in 20th centure

13 Сентября 2013, сочинение

Dance has been a part of U.S. public education since the early 1900s, when the concepts of gymnasium and open-air exercise were becoming popular in Europe. National dances were developed, taught, and situated in the gymnasium, which emphasized the importance of attending to both the child’s physical and social development in schools. In the first decade of the 20th centure the "national dance" gradually giving way to more sophisticated techniques such as rhythm.

The economy of Great Britain

08 Мая 2012, реферат

Great Britain is primarily an industrial and commercial nation. Major industries this is transportation, communications, steel, petroleum, coal, gas, and electricity. The country is a world leader in international trade. In January 1973, Great Britain became a member of the European Community (now called the European Union). Annual national budget revenues in the early 1990s were estimated at $325.5 billion, and expenditures were $400.9 billion. Britain's unemployment exceeded 10 percent of the workforce in the early 1990s.

The economy of Russia

26 Сентября 2012, доклад

The economy of Russia is the ninth largest economy in the world by nominal value and the sixth largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). Russia has an abundance of natural gas, oil, coal, and precious metals. Russia has undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, moving from a centrally planned economy to a more market-based and globally integrated economy.

The education system of the USA

30 Ноября 2013, реферат

The American system of school education differs from the systems in other countries. There are state public schools, private elementary schools and private secondary schools. Public schools are free and private schools are fee-paying. Each state has its own system of public schools. Americans place a high value on education. That's why Kennedy said, "Our progress as a nation can be no swifter than our progress in education". Pre-school education is the provision of education for children before the commencement of statutory education, usually between the ages of two and five, dependent on the jurisdiction. Preschool is also known as nursery school, day care or kindergarten.

The financial system of Ukraine in comparison with other world countries

19 Июня 2013, курсовая работа

Marxists, see under financial policy in the first place the totality of public Relevance of research topic. Reliable the financial system is the linchpin in the development and successful the functioning of a market economy and a necessary prerequisite for the growth and the stability of the economy as a whole. This system is the basis of mobilizing and distributing savings of the company and helps it everyday the operation. Therefore, although the structural shift from mainly centrally planned and controlled economy to an economy
functioning in accordance with market principles, includes many of the elements, the most important is to create a reliable financial system. After you have a strong financial system, can develop markets money and capital, especially primary and secondary markets of national government securities.

The French System of Government

20 Января 2015, реферат

The French system of administration was largely introduced to Russia something like an unattainable ideal of an ordered state of the organization. And in many respects the organization of the civil service in Russia and France were similar (external features), especially in some historical periods. Public service (integrated approach): Textbook. the allowance. - 2nd ed. - M.: Delo, 2000, S. 207

The heart and the vascular system

02 Октября 2014, творческая работа

The heart is an inner hollow muscular organ placed within the chest and included in the pericardium. The heart consists of two separate chambers divided by the septum.

The London Metal Exchange

09 Мая 2014, реферат

The London Metal Exchange is the world centre for industrial metals trading and price-risk management. More than 80% of global non-ferrous business is conducted here and the prices discovered on our three trading platforms are used as the global benchmark.

The Lumber Room

13 Октября 2014, реферат

The text under analysis is written by an outstanding British novelist and short story writer Hector Munro. Hector Hugh Munro (December 18, 1870 – November 13, 1916), better known by the pen name Saki, was a British writer, whose witty and sometimes macabre stories satirized Edwardian society and culture. He is considered a master of the short story and is often compared to O. Henry and Dorothy Parker. His tales feature delicately drawn characters and finely judged narratives. Saki's world contrasts the effete conventions and hypocrisies of Edwardian England with the ruthless but straightforward life-and-death struggles of nature. Nature generally wins in the end.

The making of Canada

12 Декабря 2013, реферат

Canada is one of the largest countries in the world and a popular English-speaking country for tourists. Every year millions of tourists visit it with different reasons. Some want to study English there, some to visit their friends or relatives, but the majority arrives to discover numerous Canadian attractions. The country is full of sights indeed. There are architectural, natural, cultural, historic and other types of sights. One of the most interesting places in Canada is its capital – Ottawa. The main sights of the city are the Parliament, where even ordinary people are welcome, the Tower of Peace with 53 bells, picturesque quarters around the Market Hall Bayvord, Rideau Canal, which turns into the longest ice-rink in the world in winter, Canadian Museum of Nature and numerous other sights.

The most serious ecological problems

03 Марта 2014, реферат

Since ancient times Nature has served Man, being the source of his life. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with environment and it seemed to them that natural riches were unlimited. But with the development of civilization man's interference in nature began to increase. Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises appear all over the world today. The by-products of their activity pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, the land we grow grain and vegetables on.
Over the years of technological revolution, we have experienced various kinds of environment problems, destruction of ozone layer, global warming, greenhouse effect and other phenomena that aggravate the ecological situation.

The most well-known brands

14 Октября 2012, реферат

In today's post-industrial society, more and more weight to companies acquired its reputation. After all, to create a reputation as wisely said Warren Buffett, it takes 20 years, and destroy it in 5 minutes. Large multinational companies are spending a lot of money to build and maintain its reputation. Today success may depend not only (and not so much) because of sales tactics and marketing policy, but because of the citizenship of the company, its style of doing business. Of great importance is also the environment, safety, and treating employees.

The movie "Eight Below"

17 Марта 2014, творческая работа

Winter in Antarctica - ice version of hell. So when a sharp deterioration in the weather on the eve of the winter is forcing American scientists Jerry Shepard , Charlie Cooper and David McLaren to evacuate , the heroes do it without hesitation , but they do not have time to bring along their sled dogs . Chances of survival of animals close to zero : as people do not mind dogs , they will be able to return to the four-legged friends a few weeks later . But dogs - real fighters . If anyone can survive the harsh Antarctic winter, so they are. Waging a desperate struggle with the 80 - degree cold , blinding snowstorms , hunger and ferocious predators , 8 smart and loyal dogs staunchly hardships its unparalleled ice odyssey - because they firmly believe that the owners certainly come back for them ......

The Passive Voice

25 Декабря 2010, контрольная работа

Put the verbs in brackets in the required tense
1. The day before yesterday we____(invite) to the restaurant by Tom Jenkins
2. In Greece the Olympic Games___ (Hold) once in four years
3. The problem____ (study) for there years, but they haven`t got any results
4. This book___( republish) by the end of September
5. John phoned us and asked if our Luggage_____ (already/pack)
6. A new road_____- (build) now around the city
7. The book______(discuss) at the next conference

The political system of the UK

09 Декабря 2013, статья

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The UK is a constitutional monarchy. This means that the official head of state is the monarch, but his or her powers are limited by the constitution.
Queen Elizabeth II is the Head of State of the United Kingdom. She is also the monarch or Head of State for many countries in the Commonwealth.
The UK, like Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain and Sweden, has a constitutional monarchy. This means that the king or queen does not rule the country, but appoints the government which the people have chosen in democratic elections. Although the queen or king can advise, warn and encourage the Prime Minister, the decisions on government policies are made by the Prime Minister and Cabinet.

The Political System of the USA

10 Октября 2012, реферат

The USA is a federal union of 50 states. The basic law is the constitution, adopted in 1787, which prescribes the structure of national government and lists its rights and fields of authority. Each state has its government and all of them have the dual character of both Federal and State government. The political system of the USA is divided into three branches judicial, legislative and executive.

The problem of digital piracy in the distribution of entertainment content in Russia

14 Октября 2013, реферат

This report examines the features of the entertainment market in Russia in the fight against illegal copying and distribution of intellectual property in the digital environment, provides an assessment of the main mechanisms limiting unauthorized distribution of digital entertainment content in Russia.

The problem of synonyms in modern English

08 Сентября 2014, реферат

The actuality of this work caused by several important points. We seem to say that the problem of synonyms is one of the main difficult ones for the English language learners. It can be most clearly seen in the colloquial layer of a language, which, in its turn at high degree is supported by development of modern informational technologies and simplification of alive speech. As a result, a great number of new meanings of one and the same word appear in our vocabulary. So the significance of our work can be proved by the following reasons:
a) The problem of synonymy is one of the developing branches of vocabulary nowadays.
b)Synonymy reflects the general trend of enrichment of a language word-stock.

The problems of phonostylistics and dialectology

04 Апреля 2015, реферат

Pronunciation is by no means homogeneous. It varies under the influence of numerous factors. These factors do not have linguistic meaning so it is appropriate to refer to these factors as extralinguistic. The information about stylistic variations in learning, understanding and producing language is directly useful for the design, execution and evaluation of teaching phonetics. The branch of phonetics most usually applied for such information is phonostylistics.

The pronouns

29 Ноября 2013, лекция

Местоимения употребляются в предложении вместо имени существительного или имени прилагательного. Местоимения называют людей, предметы или признаки, уже упомянутые ранее.
Слова, обозначающие мужчин, заменяются местоимением he (он).
Слова, обозначающие женщин, заменяются местоимением she (она).
Слова, обозначающие неодушевленные предметы, заменяются местоимением it.
Местоимение they (они) относится ко всем трем родам.
They are boys. They are engineers. They are apples.