Conjunctions. The types of the conjunctions

They should never have married. They are so unhappy. Им вообще не следовало (не нужно было) жениться.

Не shouldn't have taken the corner at such speed. Ему не следовало поворачивать за угол на такой скорости.

2. Advice, desirability. This meaning is more common with ought to than with should.

You should stay in bed. Вам нужно (следует) лежать в постели.

I think you should read this book. Думаю, что тебе следует"! (стоит) прочесть эту книгу.

You should consult a doctor. Показался бы ты врачу. (Тебе следует показаться врачу.)

As is seen from the above examples, it is sometimes difficult to discriminate between the first and the second meaning.

3. Probability, something naturally expected (only with reference to the-present or future).

           The effect of the tax should be felt in high prices (will probably be felt).

We needn't get ready yet. The guests shouldn't come for another hour. Гости вряд ли придут раньше, чем через час.

 

                                             Shall

 

       In present-day English shall is not a purely modal verb. It always combines its modal meaning of obligation with the function of an auxiliary verb in the future

tense.

As a modal verb shall is not translated into Russian, usually its meaning is. rendered by emphatic intonation.

When combined only with the non-perfect infinitive shall expresses:

1. Promise or strong intention. In this meaning shall is used with the 2nd or 3rd person with a weak stress.

It shall be done as you wish.

You shall never know a sad moment, Lenny, if I can help it. He shall get his money. "I want this luggage taken to my room."

"It shall be taken up at once, sir." —Его сейчас же отнесут наверх, сэр.

In the  1st person shall in this sense acquires a strong stress. I want that prize and I shall win it.

2. Threat or warning (shall is used in this meaning in the 2nd and 3rd person).

That day shall come.

She shall pay for it, she shall.

The child shall be punished for it.. I won't allow it.

Anyone found guilty shall be shot at once.

In the first two senses shall is used in affirmative and negative sentences.

3. A suggestion.  It is used in questions (and offers) in the 1st person singular and plural. Such sentences are translated into Russian by the infinitive

"Shall I get you a chair?" "Yes, please."

Принести вам стул? —Пожалуйста.

Shall we begin?— Yes, let's. (Нам) начинать? —Давайте.

Shall I read?- Please, do. Мне читать? — Читайте, пожалуйста.

The above three meanings are closely connected with the old meaning of obligation which is at present not common in spoken English and which is normally confined to formal or archaic style (official regulations or other documents).

The Society's nominating committee shall nominate the person for the office  of president (...должны выставить  одного кандидата...).

This meaning is found in subordinate clauses.

It has  been decided that the  nomination shall not he opposed.

 

 

                                         Will

 

Will is not a purely modal verb. It almost always combines its modal meaning with its functioning as an auxiliary verb expressing futurity. Will has two forms: will for the present tense and would for the past tense. Thus will and would are looked upon as forms of the same verb, although in a few cases their meanings differ.

1. Will combined with the non-perfect infinitive expresses:

1.Willingness, intention, determination. It is  often rendered  into Russian by непременно, обязательно, охотно.

1 will write as soon as 1 can. (Я непременно напишу, как только

смогу.)

I  will be there to help. (Я обязательно там буду и помогу.)

I can and will learn it. (Я могу выучить и обязательно это выучу.)

When he was young, he was so poor that he would do anything to

earn some money, (...он согласен был на любую работу, чтоб подзаработать.)

Who will lend me a cigarette? (Who is willing to lend me a cigarette?)

This meaning is often found in conditional sentences.

If you will help me we can finish by six. Если вы согласитесь мне помочь, мы можем кончить к 6 часам. If you will wait for me I'll be very grateful.

When used in the negative it denotes a refusal to do something.

They won't go with us (they refuse to...).

I won't accept your offer (I refuse to...).

They wouldn't listen to me (they refused to listen to me).

He wouldn't answer my question (he refused to answer...).

2. A polite request or an offer. This meaning occurs only in questions.

Will you pass the salt, please? Will you have some tea?

In comparison with will the form would renders a greater degree of politeness.

Would you please pass the salt? Would you please lend me your pencil?

It is still more polite to use the combinations: Would you mind'(+ -ing form). Would you be so kind as to...

Would you be so kind as to lend me your book?

3. A command (in military contexts a strict command).

Officers will report for duty at 06.00 hours.

You will do exactly as I say.

You will go in there and tell him that the game is up.

An impatient command can begin with will you.

Will you be quiet!—Замолчишь ли ты наконец?                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         

Will you in the tag after a negative command can tone down the command (and is pronounced with the falling tone).

Don't be late, will you?

But after a positive command  will you has a rising intonation and expresses impatience.

Sit down, will you? Shut the door, will you?'' Shut the door, won't you?

Would is never used in this meaning.

4. Inevitability, or characteristic behaviour, or something naturally expected.

What will be will be. — Чему быть, того не миновать.

Accidents will happen. — Несчастные случаи неизбежны (несчастный

случай может произойти с  каждым).

Boys will be boys, — Мальчишки всегда остаются мальчишками.

Truth will out. — Истины не утаишь.

This sort of inevitability or prediction often occurs in conditional sentences.

If people study they will learn. (If people stu.dy they learn.)

If litmus paper is dipped in acid, it will turn red (it turns red)

This meaning is not rendered in Russian by any analogous modal verb.

5. Characteristic behaviour or quality. Oil will float on water.

Children  will often be full of life when their parents are tired.

This car will hold six people comfortably.

That's exactly like Jocelyn—she would lose the key.

This meaning not expressed in Russian.

6. Disapproval of something expected. In this meaning only would is used. It is found mainly in responses. "I know she attended the place."

"Oh, yes, she would."— Конечно, что еще можно ожидать.

"Не refused to interfere." "Hе would."— На него похоже.

"1 don't like it and I don't visit the place." "No, you wouldn't."

(I didn't expect you would.)

You would be late! — Конечно, ты опять опоздал.

You would forget. — Конечно же, вы забыли.

П. Will/would combined with different forms of the infinitive can express prediction, a certainty about the present or the future (in a similar way to must), something that is proved or expected.

This will be just what she wants. — Это, очевидно, то, чего она хочет. That will be my wife (I know that she is due to phone about this time, and  I   therefore  conclude  that  it  is  her who  is  phoning now).

This will be our train. — Это, наверное, наш поезд.

That would be he! —Это, наверное, он.

John will have arrived by now (by tomorrow).—Джон, очевидно, приедет к завтрашнему дню (уже приехал).

In the latter case must is impossible as with a perfect infinitive it has a reference to the past.

That would be in 1910, I think. — Я думаю, это, наверное, было в 1910 году.

Why are you asking him? He wouldn't know anything about it.— Зачем вы его спрашиваете? Вряд ли он что-либо об этом знает. Who is the man? You wouldn't know him. — Вряд ли вы его знаете.

Note the expression:

You would, would you? —Ax, ты так!

 

                                                  Dare

The modal verb dare may be defective or regular.

As a defective verb dare has two forms: dare for the present tense and dared for the past tense. It is used chiefly in interrogative and negative sentences. It has the meaning— to have the courage or independence to do something, to venture.

How dare he speak to you like that? (I wonder at such impudence.)

How dare you sneak into my room like this?

He   daren't   write anything   in   case   it  isn't  good  (he   hasn't  got the courage).

Dare you ask him? (Are you brave enough to ask him?)

That's as much as / dare spend on it.

As a regular verb dare has a limited paradigm of Unite forms and no verbals. It may have two meanings:

1. To venture, to have the courage or impudence (like the defective dare). In this sense it is used mainly in negative statements.

He didn't dare to stop me (he didn't have the courage). She doesn't dare to answer. Don't you dare to touch me.

2.To challenge, to defy.

I dared him to Jump (I challenged him to do it).

I dare you to say this straight to her face. — Попробуй, скажи ей это прямо в лицо.

Note the following combinations with the modal verb dare.

I dare say—I suppose, no doubt.

I dare say you are right. — Очень возможно, что вы правы.

I daresay he will come late. — Полагаю (пожалуй), он придет позже.

                                              List

 

This table lists some modal verbs with common roots in English, German and Dutch. English modal auxiliary verb provides an exhaustive list of modal verbs in English.

The words in this list are not translations of each other! Words in the same row share the same etymological root. Because of semantic drift, however, words in the same row may no longer be proper translations of each other. For instance, the German verb "dtirfen" is closer in meaning to the English verb "may" (for asking for or granting permission) than to its cognate "dare". In addition, the English and German verbs will are completely different in meaning, and the German one has nothing to do with constructing the future tense. These words are false friends.

In English, the plural and singular forms are identical. For German and Dutch, both the plural and singular form of the verb are shown - except, however, the German informal plural form with "you" is not considered here at all.

 

The English could is the past tense of can; should is the past tense of shall; and might is the past tense of may. (This is ignoring the use of "may" as a vestage of the subjunctive mood in English.) These verbs have acquired an independent, present tense meaning. The German verb' mochten is sometimes taught as a vocabulary word and included in the list of modal verbs, but it is actually the past subjunctive form of mogen. An example of the subjective use of "may" in English is in the sentence "That may be, or may not be," meaning "That could be true, but maybe it is not."

The English verbs dare and need have both a modal use (he dare not do it), and a non-modal use (he doesn't dare to do it). The Dutch verb durven is not included in the list (but it is there, nevertheless) because its modal use has disappeared, but it has a non-modal use analogous with the English dare. Other English modal verbs include want, wish, hope, and like. All of these differ from the main modals in English (i.e. most of those in the table above) in that they take the particle to in the infinitive, like all other English verbs (may; to want), and are followed by to when they are used as a modal (may go; want to go). Some may be more than one word, such as "had better" and "would rather.

Properties: Germanic modal verbs are preterite-present verbs, which means that their present tense has the form of a vocalic preterite. This is the source of the vowel alternation between singular and plural in German and Dutch. Because of their preterite origins, modal verbs also lack the suffix (-s in modern English, -t in German and Dutch) that would normally mark the third person singular form:

 

 

The main verb that is modified by the modal verb is in the infinitive form and is not preceded by the word to (German: zu, Dutch: te). There are verbs that may seem somewhat similar in meaning to modal verbs (e.g. like, want), but the construction with such verbs would be different:

 

In English, main verbs sometimes require the auxiliary verb do to form negations, questions, or emphatic statements. (Many languages, such as German, lack the emphatic form that English has.) Modal verbs never use this auxiliary do:

 

Modal verbs are called defective verbs because of their incomplete conjugation: they have a narrower range of functions than ordinary verbs. (4)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(3),(4).www. Google. Com. Modal verbs and words.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                Conclusion

 

     On some up, we could see many types of modal verbs such as: can, may, must, should, ought, shall, will, would, need, to be, to have ( to have got ), dare. The latter two are modal only in one of their meanings. Modal verbs, unlike other verbs, do not denote actions or states, but only showed the attitude  of  the speaker towards the action expressed by the  infinitive in combination with which they form compound modal predicates. The modal words express the attitude of the speaker to the reality, possibility or probability of the action he speaks about. The modal word, occupying in the sentence a more pronounced or less pronounced detached position, expresses the attitude of the functional words of probability(probably, perhaps, etc.) of qualitative evaluation (fortunately, unfortunately, etc.) and also of affirmation and negation. Thus they might showed that the action (or state , or process) is viewed by the speaker as possible, obligatory, doubtful, certain, permissible, advisable, requested, prohibited, ordered, etc. How did you say modal verbs occur only with the infinitive.

      I hope that, this information about modalities would be sufficiently to use in the future.

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                 List of literature

 

1. N. A. Kobrina, E.A. Korneyeva, M. I. Ossovskaya, K. A. Guzeyeva. “An English Grammar”. Morphology. Просвещение-M.,1985.
2. Carl Bache, Niels Davidsen-Nielsen “ Mastering English” –Montan de Gruyter Berlin. New York .,1997
3. Palmer Frank “ Modality and the English modals,(2^nd  edition).

    Longman-London., 1990.

4. Palmer Frank “  The English verb (2^nd edition) London: Longman.,       1987.

5. B. Ilyish “The Structure of Modern English”(2^nd edition). “Просвещение”.            Leningrad.,1974.