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The US welcomed the end of the XXth century and beginning of the third Millennium as an influential leader of the world economy. The USA is one of the largest in area and population of countries of the world. In the country on an area of about 9.3 million square km lived at the beginning of 1993, more than 255 million. The level of development of productive forces, the scale of its economy, the U.S. is ahead of any other developed economy. The course of economic processes in the USA is one of the main generators of the progressive changes in the economy of the world. The situation in the US is a "barometer" for the world economy directly affects the motion cycle and changes in the economic situation in other countries, influences the structure of the international economic exchange. The economy of the USA and dedicated to this work.
Содержание
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………..3 1. The main characteristic features of the US economy………………………………..4-10 2. The state's role in the U.S. economy………………………………………………………10-14 3. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………..15 4.Список литературы…………………………………………………………………………………….16 5.Приложение №1……………………………………………………………………………………17-18
In 1914, Congress passed two laws designed
to complement the antitrust law, the Sherman: it was the antitrust act
Clayton act and the Federal trade Commission. Antitrust act Clayton
more clearly defined what exactly is illegal restraint of trade. The
law prohibits price discrimination, giving one to buyers advantages
over others, as well as the conclusion of treaties, according to which
producers sell products only to those dealers who are committed not
to sell competing products also prohibited certain types of mergers
and other actions that could reduce competition. The law on the Federal
trade Commission included the creation of the state Commission, designed
to prevent unfair business practices and to struggle with competition.
The state continues to exercise judicial
antitrust prosecution and after the Second world war up to the present
day. The Federal trade Commission and the Antitrust division of the
Ministry of justice to monitor potential monopolies or prevent the merger
would reduce competition in the extent that it would cause damage to
consumers.
If the antitrust laws were adopted with
the aim of increasing competition, many of the other regulatory rules
had the opposite effect. When in the 70-ies in the United States increased
concerns about inflation, regulatory rules, umenishati price competition,
was again the subject of intense study. The government decided to reduce
the level of control in some cases, when the regulation was protecting
the company from the pressures of the market.
The first area of deregulation was the
transport. When President Jimmy Carter (1977-1981) Congress passed a
series of laws Astronautic a significant portion of protection by means
of regulations in the field of aviation, trucks and Railways. Companies
were allowed to compete, using any air, rail and automobile routes and
more freely setting the prices for its services.
Up to 80-ies of the term "telephone
company" were perceived in the United States as a synonym for "American
Telephone & Telegraph". The at&T controlled almost all
areas of telephony. Its regional branches, known as "Baby bells",
was regulated monopolies with exclusive rights work in certain areas.
The FCC regulated prices for telephone calls between the States and
the regulatory authorities of the States were supposed to approve the
rates for local calls and long distance calls within the state.
Government regulation was justified
by the fact that telephone companies, like electricity suppliers were
natural monopolies. Competition, to ensure that, as was considered,
it was necessary to build numerous cables across the country, seemed
useless and ineffective. This approach has changed in the 70-ies, when
rapidly evolving technologies promised rapid progress in telecommunications.
Independent companies have argued that they are able to really compete
with at&T. However, they also stated that this telephone monopoly
effectively prevents them from entering the market, not allowing them
to connect to the huge network.
Deregulation of telecommunications was
held in two rapid steps. In 1984, the court put an end to the monopoly
of at&T in the field of telephony, forcing the giant convert its
regional subsidiaries into a separate company. At&T continued to
hold a significant share of business for the provision of intercity/international
telephone connection, however, vigorous competitors type Em ECI and
Sprint won part of the market, showing that competition could lead to
lower prices and improved service.
A decade later sounded demands to put
an end to the monopoly of the "Baby bells" in the field of
local telephony. New technologies - cable TV, cell (or wireless) Internet
connection, and possibly others have proposed alternatives to the local
telephone companies. But economists warned that the huge power of regional
monopolies prevents the development of these alternatives. In particular,
competitors had no chance to survive without a connection, at least
temporarily, to the existing telephone networks, which "Baby bells"
resisted different ways.
In 1996, Congress reacted to this situation
by the adoption of the law on telecommunications. This law permitted
such operators of long-distance/international telephony, as at&T,
as well as the owners of cable television networks and other new companies
to start entering the market of local telephony. Under this law, regional
monopolies were to allow new competitors to connect to their networks.
To regional companies welcomed the competition, the law allowed them
to start providing services of long-distance/international telephone
connection after the emergence of competition in their areas.
Deregulation in the banking business
is a special case. Since 30-ies of the Americans developed the regulatory
rules that reflect the special situation of banks.
One of the most important regulations
is Deposit insurance. The government has stated its support of Bank
deposits is currently in the amount of 100 000 USD. Now, if the Bank
enters into financial problems, depositors may not worry. State Agency
of banking insurance, known as a Federal Corporation of insurance of
deposits, pays the investors, using the collected insurance payments
of the banks themselves. A similar law was passed recently in Russia.
Economic deregulation had a certain
appeal in the late 90-ies. Many States regulate the activities of suppliers
of electricity, which was very difficult because of the separation of
the serviced areas. Additional difficulties were connected with the
Association of public and private power systems and high cost of construction
of enterprises for the production of electricity.
Conclusion
Despite some problems, the United States
occupy the leading place in the world economy, producing the greatest
amount of goods and services, it is the most absolute and relative economic
performance.
The USA ranks first in the world by
volume of industrial production. They account for today about half the
world's grain exports. Dynamically developing service sector, which
occupies an important place in export activities in the country.
U.S. leadership in the world economy
is mainly their superiority over other countries in size and wealth
of the market, the degree of development of market structures, level
of scientific and technical potential, powerful and comprehensive system
of global economic relations with other countries through trade, investment
and banking capital.
The American government is using its
available levers, carries out a redistribution of material, financial
and other resources of the country, takes measures on strengthening
international economic positions of the USA and to expand American monopolies.
The aggravation of contradictions in the economy contributed to the
economic role of the state, which resulted in the development of the
system of state-monopolistic regulation of the economy. For several
decades formed the theoretical concepts and practical methods of state
regulation of the US economy, grew and came as a huge state mechanism
of economic policy.
Список литературы
1.Ануфриев В. Экономика
США на рубеже веков: основные
проблемы и их возможные последствия
для мировой экономики. М., 2003.
2.Мировая экономика. Учебник.//
Под ред. Лоскутова В.И. М., 2002.
3.Мировая экономика. // Под
ред. Ксенчук Е.В. М., 2000.
4.Портной М.А. США в
мировой экономике. М., 2004.
5.Сулян В. Экономика США
поправится, но не сразу. // Финансы.
2004. №1.