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The actuality of the work is subject to the growing interest to Celtic culture. But the Welsh celts are shown not so much attention because they are not known so much about as Irish or Scottish Celts.
The research done in this work shows the diversity of cultures of Celts in different countries and describes Celtic way if life.
The method used in course paper is comparison with other Celtic cultures.
The subject of the study is Celtic history and culture, the difference between Welsh Celts and the Celts in other countries.
Introduction 4
Part I. Life of the Celts 5
1.1. The first Celts in Wales 6
1.2. Farmling 7
1.3. Celtic family life 7
1.4. Housing 8
1.5. Welsh gold 8
1.6. Fortification 8
1.7. Language 10
1.8. Religion 11
1.9. Society 12
1.10. Women 15
1.11. Druids 15
1.12 The celts at war 16
1.13. Celtic appearance and art 17
Summary 19
Part II. Welsh mythology 22
Part III. Modern Celts 25
Summary 34
Conclusion 335
Appendix I 36
APPENDIX II 50
LITERATURE 51
Nerys — (NER-ees) from Welsh ner "lord", and a modern form of the medieval name Generys.
Nesta — (NEST-ah) popular Welsh version of Agnes. Annest (AHN-nest), Nest (NEST)
Neued — legendary name of the daughter of Kyvwich.
Nia — (NEE-ah) Welsh form of Irish name Niamh, from Old Irish niam "luster, sheen, brilliance".
Nimue — (NIM-oo-ay) a moon goddess who was sometimes called Viviene, Niniane,
or Lady of the Lake.
Nona — (NOH-nah) Mother of St. David, patron saint of Wales. Also said
she was a cousin of King Arthur. Nicknames Non (NOHN), Nonita (
Olwen — (OHL-wen) "white footprint" or "shining track";
from ol "track, trace" + gwen "shining, holy". Olwen was the daughter of the giant Ysbaddaden
in the early Welsh tale Kulhwch and Olwen. White footprint.
Owena — "born to nobility"; feminine form of Owen.
Penarddun — legendary name of the daughter of Beli.
Petra — (PET-rah) Welsh feminine form of Peter.
Ragnell — enchanted into an ugly form of the Loathly Lady, she aided Gawain
in finding the answer to the riddle "what do women desire?"
He married her, not knowing that with the first kiss she would become
beautiful.
Rathtyen — name of the daughter of Clememyl in Welsh tales.
Rhan — "fate".
Rhawn — from words meaning "coarse or long hair".
Rhedyn — from a word meaning "fern".
Rhiamon — "witch".
Rhian — (RHEE-an) from Welsh rhiain "maiden". Rhian is popular for its resemblance to that of
the goddess Rhiannon. Rhiain (RHEE-in).
Rhiannon — (rhee-AHN-on) from Celtic Rigantona "divine queen". In legend, Rhiannon's birds sang more sweetly
then any birds of the mortal world, but Rhiannon herself is notable
for her habit of speaking her mind forthrightly and with wit. A mythological
nymph.
Rhianwen — (rhee-AHN-wen) from Welsh rhiain "maiden" + gwen "shining, holy".
Rhodd — "gift".
Rhonda — from a word meaning "grand".
Rhonwen — (RHON-wen) poss. from Welsh rhon "spear" + gwen "shining, holy"; other sources say it means "white
hair" and related to the name Rowena. Nickname: Rhona (RHOH-nah).
Rhosyn — from the Welsh word meaning "rose".
Rowena — "white- or fair-haired".
Saeth — "arrow".
Saffir — Welsh word for "sapphire".
Sarff — possibly means "snake".
Seren — (SER-en) Welsh word for "star". Sirona, from the same Celtic root, was an ancient Gaulish goddess of hot
springs.
Sian — (SHAN) "God's gracious gift"; Welsh form of Jane or Jean. Siani (SHAN-ee), Sioned (SHON-
Sioned — (SHON-ed) variant of Sian; Welsh form of Janet.
Siwan — (SHOO-ahn) "bright as the sun"; from sul "sun" + gwen "shining, holy"; Welsh form of Joan.
Taffy — from a word meaning "beloved". Taffia, Taffine.
Talaith — "diadem" (a crown or headband worn as a sign of sovereignty;
royal authority or status).
Talar — from the Welsh words meaning "from the headland in the field".
Tanwen — (TAHN-wen) from Welsh tan "fire" + gwen "shining, holy". Tangwen, legendary name of the daughter of Gweir.
Tarian — "shield".
Tarran — "from the knoll".
Tegan — (TEG-ahn) from Welsh teg "pretty, fine" + dim. -an. Name of an early saint and a river in Ceredigion.
Tegau — (TEG-ay) from Welsh teg "fair, pretty, fine". In legend, Tegau Eurfron (Golden-Breast)
was the wife of Caradoc Freichfras (Strong-Arm) and one of the 3 Faithful
Women of the Island of Britain. She owned a mantle (one of the 13 Treasures
of Britain) that would reach the ground only when worn by a chaste woman,
and which became shorter the more faithless its wearer. Tegau was reputedly
the only woman of King Arthur's court who could wear the mantle at full
length.
Tegeirian — (teg-AYR-yahn) from Welsh teg "pretty, fine" + eirian "beautiful". Also the Welsh word for "orchid".
Tegwen — (TEG-wen) teg "pretty, fine" + gwen "shining, holy".
Teleri — (tel-AYR-ee) from Welsh ty "your" + Eleri, name of an early saint and of a river in
Dyfed. Teleri verch Peul was one of the maidens of King Arthur's court
mentioned in Kulhwch and Olwen.
Telyn — "harp".
Terrwyn — from the word meaning "brave".
Toreth — "abundant".
Torlan — from words meaning "from the river bank".
Torri — "break".
Trevina — "homestead"; feminine version of Trevor.
Tristana — "clamor".
Una — (OO-nah) from the Irish Gaelic word meaning "white wave".
Vala — "chosen".
Vanora — variant of Guinevere, "white wave".
Vivian — legendary name from the tales of King Arthur, also known as Nimue. Viviane, Vivianne, Viviene, Vivienne.
Wenda — variant of Gwendolyn.
Winnifred — variant of Guinevere, "white wave".
Wynne — variant of Gwen, from gwyn "fair, white"; form of Wynn, "light complexion".
Ysbail — Welsh version of Isabel, "consecrated to god".
Yseult — alternate form of Isolde.
Unless otherwise noted, all meanings are from Middle Welsh.
Appendix II
Welsh gods by Jennifer Emick:
Arawn: The ruler of Annwn, the Welsh Otherworld.
Beli Mawr: The Welsh father god, consort of Don and father of Arianrhod and Lludd. Beli is related to the Gaulish Belenos and the Irish Bile.
Bran the Blessed: “Blessed Raven,” whose head protects Britain from invasion.
Culwhch: “Son of Pig,” possibly a boar god, later a hero of The Mabinogion.
Dylan: A sea god, the brother of Lleu.
Gwyn ap Nudd: Son of Nudd, a sometime ruler of the Otherworld realm of Annwn, although Gwyn and Nudd often appear to be the same person. Lleu Llaw Gyffes, “Lugh of Many Skills,” Lugh is associated with hills, agriculture, the sun, and the calendar. Lleu is the equivalent of the Irish Lugh and the Gaulish Lugos.
Lludd: See Nudd
Llyr: The father of Bran, equivalent to Lir, the Irish god of the sea.
Mabon ap Modron: “Divine Son of the Mother,” Mabon is certainly equivalent to the Gaulish Maponos, and probably the Irish Aenghus mac Og. Mabon is a god of youth and love who appears in tales of Culwhch and Arthur.
Manawydan: A sea god, equivalent to the Irish Manannan.
Math ap Mathonwy: The creator of Blodeuedd.
Nudd: Also known as Lludd Llaw Eraint, “Lludd of the Silver Hand.” Nudd is related to the Irish Nuada and the Gaulish Nodens.
Pryderi: Also known as Peredur, Pryderi was Welsh hero of The Mabinogion, Pryderi is related to Mabon and other youthful deities, and was the inspiration for the Arthurian character Perceval. Pryderi is the nephew of Bran and is heavily associated with the origins of the Holy Grail quest.
Literature