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The word "antibiotics" comes from the Greek anti ("against") and bios ("life"). The noun “antibiotic” was suggested in 1942 by Dr. Selman A. Waksman, soil microbiologist .
Antibiotics are used in medicine widely and frequently as a remedy for healing many diseases.
An antibiotic is a drug that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics are one class of antimicrobials, a larger group which also includes anti-viral, anti-fungal, and anti-parasitic drugs. Antibiotics are chemicals produced by or derived from microorganisms (i.e. bugs or germs such as bacteria and fungi). The first antibiotic was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 in a significant breakthrough for medical science. Antibiotics are among the most frequently prescribed medications in modern medicine.
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Student : Usmanova Assel .
Group:207 “A” pharmacy
South Kazakhstan State
Foreign languages department
Contents
Introduction
Antibiotics
Properties/classification
Conclusion. Literature
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Introduction
- The word "antibiotics" comes f
rom the Greek anti ("against") and bios ("life"). The noun “ antibiotic” was suggested in 1 942 by Dr. Selman A. Waksman, soil microbiologist . - Antibiotics are used in medicine widely and frequently as a remedy for healing many diseases.
- An antibiotic is a drug that k
ills or slows the growth of ba cteria. Antibiotics are one cl ass of antimicrobials, a large r group which also includes an ti-viral, anti-fungal, and ant i-parasitic drugs. Antibiotics are chemicals produced by or derived from microorganisms (i .e. bugs or germs such as bact eria and fungi). The first ant ibiotic was discovered by Alex ander Fleming in 1928 in a sig nificant breakthrough for medi cal science. Antibiotics are a mong the most frequently presc ribed medications in modern me dicine.
Functions
- Antibiotics are used to treat
many different bacterial infec tions. Antibiotics cure diseas e by killing or injuring bacte ria. Bacteria are simple one-c elled organisms that can be fo und, by the billions, all arou nd us: on furniture and counte r-tops, in the soil, and on pl ants and animals. They are a n atural and needed part of life . Bacteria cause disease and i nfection when they are able to gain access to more vulnerabl e parts of our bodies and mult iply rapidly. Bacteria can inf ect many parts of the body: ey es, ears, throat, sinuses, lun gs, airways, skin, stomach, co lon, bones, genitals.
Antibiotics
- Some antibiotics are 'bacteric
idal', meaning that they work by killing bacteria. Other ant ibiotics are 'bacteriostatic', meaning that they work by sto pping bacteria multiplying. - Each different type of antibiotic affects different bacteria in different ways. For example, an antibiotic might inhibit a bacterium's ability to turn glucose into energy, or its ability to construct its cell wall. When this happens, the bacterium dies instead of reproducing.
types
- Some antibiotics can be used t
o treat a wide range of infect ions and are known as 'broad-s pectrum' antibiotics. Others a re only effective against a fe w types of bacteria and are ca lled 'narrow-spectrum' antibio tics.
Antibiotic resistance
- Antibiotics are extremely impo
rtant in medicine, but unfortu nately bacteria are capable of developing resistance to them . Antibiotic-resistant bacteri a are germs that are not kille d by commonly used antibiotics . When bacteria are exposed to the same antibiotics over and over, the bacteria can change and are no longer affected by the drug.
Antibiotic resistance
- Bacteria have number of ways h
ow they become antibiotic-resi stant. For example, they posse ss an internal mechanism of ch anging their structure so the antibiotic no longer works, th ey develop ways to inactivate or neutralize the antibiotic. Also bacteria can transfer the genes coding for antibiotic r esistance between them, making it possible for bacteria neve r exposed to an antibiotic to acquire resistance from those which have. The problem of ant ibiotic resistance is worsened when antibiotics are used to treat disorders in which they have no efficacy (e.g. antibio tics are not effective against infections caused by viruses) , and when they are used widel y as prophylaxis rather than t reatment.
Antibiotic resistance
- Resistance to antibiotics pose
s a serious and growing proble m, because some infectious dis eases are becoming more diffic ult to treat. Resistant bacter ia do not respond to the antib iotics and continue to cause i nfection. Some of these resist ant bacteria can be treated wi th more powerful medicines, bu t there some infections that a re difficult to cure even with new or experimental drugs.
Antibiotics classification
- Although there are several cla
ssification schemes for antibi otics, based on bacterial spec trum (broad versus narrow) or type of activity (bactericidal vs. bacteriostatic), the most useful is based on chemical s tructure. Antibiotics within a structural class will general ly have similar patterns of ef fectiveness, toxicity, and all ergic potential.
Antibiotics classification
- The main classes of antibiotic
s are: - Beta-Lactams
- Penicillins
- Cephalosporins
- Macrolides
- Fluoroquinolones
- Tetracyclines
- Aminoglycosides
Antibiotics classification
- Most commonly used types of an
tibiotics are: Aminoglycosides , Penicillins, Fluoroquinolone s, Cephalosporins, Macrolides, and Tetracyclines. While each class is composed of multiple drugs, each drug is unique in some way.
Penicillins
- The penicillins are the oldest
class of antibiotics. Penicil lins have a common chemical st ructure which they share with the cephalosporins. Penicillin s are generally bactericidal, inhibiting formation of the ce ll wall. Penicillins are used to treat skin infections, dent al infections, ear infections, respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, gon orrhea.
Penicillins .History of
Usage
Cephalosporins
- Cephalosporins have a mechanis
m of action identical to that of the penicillins. However, t he basic chemical structure of the penicillins and cephalosp orins differs in other respect s, resulting in some differenc e in the spectrum of antibacte rial activity. - Cephalosporins are used to treat pneumonia, strep throat, staph infections, tonsillitis, bronchitis, otitis media, various types of skin infections, gonorrhea, urinary tract infections Cephalosporin antibiotics are also commonly used for surgical prophylaxis. Cephalexin can also be used to treat bone infections.
Fluoroquinoloness
- Fluoroquinolones (fluoridated
quinolones) are the newest cla ss of antibiotics. Their gener ic name often contains the roo t "floxacin". They are synthet ic antibiotics, and not derive d from bacteria - Fluoroquinolones are used to treat most common urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory infections (such as sinusitis, pneumonia, bronchitis).
Usage
Tetracyclines
- Tetracyclines got their name b
ecause they share a chemical s tructure that has four rings. Tetracycline antibiotics are b road-spectrum bacteriostatic a gents, which inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Tetracycli nes may be effective against a wide variety of microorganism s, including rickettsia and am ebic parasites. - Tetracyclines are used in the treatment of infections of the respiratory tract, sinuses, middle ear, urinary tract, skin, intestines.
Macrolides
- The macrolide antibiotics are
derived from Streptomyces bact eria, and got their name becau se they all have a macrocyclic lactone chemical structure. T he macrolides are bacteriostat ic, binding with bacterial rib osomes to inhibit protein synt hesis. Macrolide antibiotics a re used to treat respiratory t ract infections (such as phary ngitis, sinusitis, and bronchi tis), genital, gastrointestina l tract, and skin infections. - Macrolide antibiotics are:
- erythromycin
- clarithromycin
- azithromycin
- dirithromycin
- roxithromycin
- troleandomycin
Usage
Aminoglycosides
- In 1943, Selman Waksman, toget
her with his co-workers, disco vered that a fungus Streptomyc es griseus produced an antibio tic substance which they named "streptomycin." Selman Waksma n was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1 952 for his discovery of strep tomycin. - Aminoglycoside antibiotics are<span style=" font-family: 'Times New Roman', 'Arial'; font-size: 20pt